Energy diplomacy without energy resources: How some states gain influence without oil and gas

For more than a century, energy diplomacy has been closely associated with countries endowed with vast oil and gas reserves. The ability to produce and export hydrocarbons has often translated into geopolitical leverage, economic influence and strategic importance. However, the foundations of energy power are gradually changing. In today’s interconnected world, influence increasingly depends not only on what a country possesses beneath its soil, but also on how effectively it positions itself within the global energy system.

Beyond Oil and Gas: A Changing Definition of Energy Power

Traditional energy diplomacy was built upon resource ownership. Countries with large reserves enjoyed advantages in international negotiations and strategic partnerships. Yet the contemporary energy landscape is becoming more complex.

This shift suggests that energy power is no longer defined solely by production. It is increasingly determined by connectivity, infrastructure and strategic geography.

Geography as a Strategic Asset

Turkey illustrates this transformation. Despite lacking the vast hydrocarbon resources of some of its neighbours, it has become one of the world’s most important energy transit states. Its location between Asia, the Middle East and Europe enables it to host critical pipelines and transportation corridors.

This model demonstrates that location itself can become a source of power when combined with long-term strategic planning.

The Rise of Energy Hubs

Singapore provides another important example. The city-state possesses almost no significant oil or gas reserves. Nevertheless, it has emerged as one of the world’s leading centres for energy trading, refining and logistics.

Its influence is derived from efficient institutions, advanced infrastructure and a business environment capable of attracting global energy companies. Singapore’s experience challenges the traditional assumption that natural resources are the primary source of energy-related influence.

Similarly, the United Arab Emirates has expanded its role beyond simple resource extraction. While it remains an energy producer, much of its growing international influence is linked to its ports, logistics networks, energy investments and financial services.

These cases reveal a broader reality: countries increasingly gain influence not only by producing energy but also by facilitating its movement, financing its development and managing its distribution.

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The Energy Transition and New Forms of Influence